Capital Punishment Essay - Beyond Horror and Incivility -- Argumentati

The Death Penalty Beyond Horror and Incivility Capital penalization is the infliction of the expiry penalty on persons convicted of a crime (Americana 596). Killing convicted felons has been one of the most widely practiced forms of criminal punishment in the United States. Currently, the states that do no practice the death penaly ar Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, rising Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, West Virginia and Wisconsin. However, for the remaining states that do practice the death penalty, it has been a topic of debate for many years. on that point are two parties who argue over its many points, including whether or not it is a fitting and adequate punishment, whether or not it acts as a rafter to crime and whether or not it is morally wrong. These two classes of people can be grouped together as the retentionists, or the proponents, and the abolitionists, or the opponents (596). For the retentionists, the main re asons they are in support of the death penalty are to take revenge, to deter others, and to punish. They are most concerned with the protection of society from dangerous criminals. In filth of all this however, the death penalty is not a good form of criminal punishment for many reasons it is morally wrong, it does not act as a deterrent for crime, it is irreversible and can be inflicted upon people who are innocent, it is more expensive than imprisonment and those who are convicted commonly use the costly process of benevolent the decision and there is no chance to make restitution to the victim and/or the victims family. People that favor the death penalty agree that capital punishment is a relic of barbarism, but as murder itself is barbaric... ...pectacle of publicly sanctioned killing has cheapened human life and dignity with verboten the redeeming grace which comes from justice meted out swiftly, evenly, humanely (Draper 44). Works Cited Amnesty International Report. Th e Death Penalty. England Amnesty International Publications, 1979. Bedau, Hugo Adam. The Death Penalty in America. New York Oxford University Press, 1982. Capital Punishment. Encyclopedia Americana. 1990 ed. Draper, Thomas. Capital Punishment. New York H. W. Wilson, 1985. Horwitz, Elinor Lander. Capital Punishment U.S.A. New York J. B. Lippincott, 1973. Jayewardene, C. H. S. The Penalty of Death. MassachusettsLexington, 1977. Meador, Roy. Capital Revenge 54 Votes Against Life. PhiladelphiaDorrance, 1975. Violent Crime Control And Law Enforcement Act of 1994. 3/8/95(date retrieved).

Lost in Translation by Ewa Hoffman Essay -- Lost in Translation Ewa Ho

Lost in Translation - A Place to Remember As people grow up, there are special bureaus that dwell in the memories. These places become a safe haven when life becomes too rough to handle. All the bad qualities of this place disappear in their minds so that only if a perfect world exists. This is a place where everything is right and everyday troubles do not exist. In the novel Lost in Translation by Ewa Hoffman, she describes this paradise of sorts as her hometown of Cracow, Poland. Cracow, Poland is where Ewa spent the majority of her childhood up until age fourteen when she emigrated to the Canada with her mother, father, and younger sister Alina. Although she only spent fourteen years there, this place became a magical entrapment for her. In Cracow, Ewa...

oil :: essays research papers

It is easy to see why DWI would like to consider Iraqi oil reserves for its exploration, drilling, refining, and transport. Iraq has become a popular country for in that location oil. Over the past decade since the 1991 Gulf War, many companies from over 12 countries have been signing deals to develop the Iraqi oil reserves, as part of the extra United Nations "Oil-for-Food" program. Many of these companies were from Russia and France, and both countries keep their Iraqi oil concessions for financial reasons. (ABC News)More than a fourth of Iraqis surveyed described themselves as being poor and 96 percent said they receive monthly food rations under the public food system set up through the Oil-for-Food program. The median income in Iraq was equivalent weight to about $255 (366,000 dinars) in 2003 and decreased in the first half of 2004 to about $144 (207,000 dinars). (Report paints grim picture of Iraqi life) This could be a little jerry-built for some. You may see numbe rs like this and feel investing some new business could be very helpful, yet many security issues are a major factor.Security continues to be the number one concern of the Iraqi Government and the international business community. The security situation in Iraq body serious. Theft and violent crime persist in Iraq, and the potential for attacks against U.S. citizens and facilities remains high. Roads and other public areas can be dangerous for conspicuous remote travelers. Law enforcement is limited, although Iraqi police units continue to be trained and deployed. (Oil connections) DWIs current oil division is successful with Siberia, and South China Sea. At this age I feel that more research and time should be considered before investing too much money and personal into the Oil of Iraq.

Teenage Prostitution as a Response to Gender Roles in Japanese Society :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Teenage Prostitution as a Response to sexuality Roles in Japanese Society Buuuzzzzzzz. Oh, a page, says Michiko to her friend, give me a minute to check it. She pulls out her mobile ph wiz and dials the number to check her messages. This message is from one of her regular customers, Mr. Tanaka. He would like to meet this afternoon at the little restaurant next to the same love hotel they used last week (a government agency that rents theme rooms by the hour). Michiko giggles to her friend, Poor Tanaka-san, he is such a lonely guy, but hes very generous. Michiko meets up with Tanaka-san, a businessman in his mid-forties, later that afternoon. They grab an early dinner, then head directly to the love hotel. After about an hour, their transaction is complete and Tanaka-san offers Michiko about 10,000. Suddenly, Michiko notices the time. Its or so eight, and she has about an hour commute, by train, to her house in the suburbs. My parents will be angry that Im so late again, e specially since I gravel an important algebra exam in the morning Michiko quickly kisses Tanaka-san on the cheek and rushes around collecting her things. Call me soon. Okay? says the seventeen-year-old as she slips out the door. Michiko and Tanaka-san are imaginary, tho they illustrate a very real phenomenon in Japanese society teenaged prostitution. Young girls selling themselves to older men is not a forward-looking phenomenon. Underage women around the globe resort to prostitution as a means of survival. There are few industries women can enter where capital cost are low, barriers to entry are few, and educational requirements are nil. Yet what is puzzling in the Japanese case is that most young women like Michiko do not depend on the money they receive from prostitution for survival yet it does help to buy Burberry scarves, Chanel hand bags and other must-haves (Moffett 50). While it is tempting to say that teenage prostitution is a means for young women to obtai n the material items they feel they cannot live without, there is more to this phenomenon than meets the eye. If it were merely a matter of wanting tautological money, young girls would most likely seek legitimate employment translation, the increasing popularity of prostitution among teenage girls in Japan is a response to the strict sex stratification of Japanese society.

Deception in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello Shakespeare Decept

Deception in Shakespeares OthelloOne may quickly perceive the theme of Shakespeares Othello as fabrication. Deception appears many snips in Othello, but in almost every incident the degree of deception is different. Deception is to deceive another, illusion, or fraud (Websters New World Pocket Dictionary 69), which is seen as a wrongful act. However, deception may be used to protect someone from getting hurt therefore being used with good intentions.The very first act of deception is done by the character Desdemona. Desdemona hides her relationship with Othello from her father, knowing he will disapprove due to Othellos race. Brabantio says, O, she deceives me/Past thought (1.1.163-164). Desdemonas reasoning for deceiving her father was to protect him. Desdemonas devotion to her husband is almost superhuman, as is her courage in marrying him over the objections of her father, the Venetian senator Brabantio. (Andrews 132). She knew her father would eventually find out the truth, bu t she felt that by hiding her relationship with Othello, she would be delaying the inevitable pain which her father was going to feel. Since Desdemona loved her father, her deception was done with only good hearted intentions.Desdemona again deceives another, but this time it is her husband, Othello. Othello asks Desdemona for a handkerchief which he gave to her, for he had suspicions she was cheating on him. When asked about the whereabouts of the handkerchief, ...

Deception in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello Shakespeare Decept

double-dealing in Shakespeares OthelloOne may readily dig the theme of Shakespeares Othello as deception. Deception appears many times in Othello, but in almost every incident the degree of deception is different. Deception is to deceive another, illusion, or fraud (Websters New World Pocket Dictionary 69), which is seen as a wrongful act. However, deception may be apply to protect someone from getting hurt therefore being used with good intentions.The very first act of deception is done by the tone Desdemona. Desdemona hides her relationship with Othello from her father, knowing he will disapprove due to Othellos race. Brabantio says, O, she deceives me/Past thought (1.1.163-164). Desdemonas reasoning for deceiving her father was to protect him. Desdemonas devotion to her husband is almost superhuman, as is her courage in marrying him over the objections of her father, the Venetian senator Brabantio. (Andrews 132). She knew her father would eventually find out the truth, but sh e felt that by hiding her relationship with Othello, she would be delaying the inevitable pain which her father was going to feel. Since Desdemona loved her father, her deception was done with only good hearted intentions.Desdemona again deceives another, but this time it is her husband, Othello. Othello asks Desdemona for a handkerchief which he gave to her, for he had suspicions she was cheating on him. When asked about the whereabouts of the handkerchief, ...

Make the Mark Essay

Reading without reflecting is like take without digesting. (Burke, Edmund) This is so true and proves that often my pick outing skills argon like having stuffed cheeks after a good admit. I discombobulate often found myself attracted to a halt by the cover or the subject matter. unfortunately as soon as I dive into the white pages my mind wanders and before I cognise it I have finished my grocery reheel but have no idea what my eyes have looked at. This is where home run your make comes into play and dynamic enjoining helps to retain development. Once you record to read, you forget be forever free.(Douglass, Frederick) Reading is something very few of us ever master, so umteen petty(a) words and often times the real import is up for interpretation. Even many of the editions that we experienced in this class were more intricate than the words on paper. Reading is a passion, a quest to describe information. To be active in your reading experience means to fully in hale every word. victorious nones in the margins ensures that the contributor understands the information. Also when a endorser actively regurgitates the information in the form of notes the information translates better into memory. Outside of a dog, a view as is a mans best friend. within of a dog, its too dark to read. (Marx, Groucho) I know that the quote may seem a little silly but it is true. Books atomic number 18 sketch experiences that we only share and often have different experiences with the same have got. We can mark a book and the book will not get offended. several(prenominal) people think that writing in a book is a form of vandalism. We learned that marking a book is not only significant but oversteps a book character. What is reading but silent conversation? (Landor, Walter Savage) Douglas teaches us in his reading that to mark a book is like having a conversation with the author. slightlytimes the exponent to read a piece and really feel what the aut hor is laborious to speak to us is such a big experience, the book feels as if it written for us. Marking a book is fun and honestly can give the owner a sense of contribution to the author. It is to the highest degree like being a pioneer discovering a new world for the low time and documenting what you have discovered for others to learn. Douglass talks about marking a book so that the reader can return to the writings and almost pick up where they leftfield off. I, myself have mastered the doodling in the margins but not necessarily the note taking.I want to be a better reader and so many books are out there to help readers learn a better way, kind of silly when you think about it. Classes are taught for readers to improve their speeds or their ability to retain information. Even as I spell out this paper my mind wanders to other thoughts about my life or how many more words I have to write to meet the requirement. I bask writing and I could in all likelihood subject abo ut the blank screen in many different ways but if some one else were to type the same boring story I would lose interest. I know that makes me a sort of narcissist but I think most writers probably are.Where do you start when you read a book? Most people would suggest starting with the first page but I would probably fence that guide on. Most of us look at the back of the book to see if we are even interested. Some of us find out from friends and others just read books because it is fun and they like the author. Do we need to mark every book? Of course not. You do not have to mark a single book if you do not want to. Marking a book is only suggested in order for the reader to make the experience more personal and perhaps help the reader retain the information.I have taken classes that teach readers not to hi-lite a book because the hand can get carried away and all you end up with is a bunch of yellow pages. I do agree that putting the information in your own words helps the rea der to commend the information as if it is their own. When a person picks up a book in most cases it is because they are interested in the subject matter at hand. When you become an active reader and immerse yourself in the book the reader becomes even more involved and gains more knowledge from the book.I have read a few books in my life and believe that the importance of notes in the margin are highly important. I repeat myself only to make the point in reading that my paper is trying to make, if you do not take notes you may not catch that the information is being repeated. Reading without reflecting is like eating without digesting. (Burke, Edmund) This is so true and proves that often my reading skills are like having stuffed cheeks after a good book. I have often found myself attracted to a book by the cover or the subject matter.Unfortunately as soon as I dive into the white pages my mind wanders and before I know it I have finished my grocery list but have no idea what my eyes have looked at. This is where marking your book comes into play and active reading helps to retain information. Once you learn to read, you will be forever free. (Douglass, Frederick) Reading is something very few of us ever master, so many little words and often times the real meaning is up for interpretation. Even many of the readings that we experienced in this class were more involved than the words on paper.Reading is a passion, a quest to absorb information. To be active in your reading experience means to fully inhale every word. Taking notes in the margins ensures that the reader understands the information. Also when a reader actively regurgitates the information in the form of notes the information translates better into memory. Outside of a dog, a book is a mans best friend. Inside of a dog, its too dark to read. (Marx, Groucho) I know that the quote may seem a little silly but it is true. Books are intimate experiences that we all share and often have different expe riences with the same book.We can mark a book and the book will not get offended. Some people think that writing in a book is a form of vandalism. We learned that marking a book is not only important but gives a book character. What is reading but silent conversation? (Landor, Walter Savage) Douglas teaches us in his reading that to mark a book is like having a conversation with the author. Sometimes the ability to read a piece and really feel what the author is trying to speak to us is such a great experience, the book feels as if it written for us. Marking a book is fun and honestly can give the owner a sense of contribution to the author.It is almost like being a pioneer discovering a new world for the first time and documenting what you have discovered for others to learn. Douglass talks about marking a book so that the reader can return to the writings and almost pick up where they left off. I, myself have mastered the doodling in the margins but not necessarily the note taking . I want to be a better reader and so many books are out there to help readers learn a better way, kind of silly when you think about it. Classes are taught for readers to improve their speeds or their ability to retain information.Even as I write this paper my mind wanders to other thoughts about my life or how many more words I have to write to meet the requirement. I enjoy writing and I could probably type about the blank screen in many different ways but if some one else were to type the same boring story I would lose interest. I know that makes me a sort of narcissist but I think most writers probably are. Where do you start when you read a book? Most people would suggest starting with the first page but I would probably argue that point. Most of us look at the back of the book to see if we are even interested.Some of us find out from friends and others just read books because it is fun and they like the author. Do we need to mark every book? Of course not. You do not have to m ark a single book if you do not want to. Marking a book is only suggested in order for the reader to make the experience more personal and possibly help the reader retain the information. I have taken classes that teach readers not to hi-lite a book because the hand can get carried away and all you end up with is a bunch of yellow pages.I do agree that putting the information in your own words helps thereader to remember the information as if it is their own. When a person picks up a book in most cases it is because they are interested in the subject matter at hand. When you become an active reader and immerse yourself in the book the reader becomes even more involved and gains more knowledge from the book.I have read a few books in my life and believe that the importance of notes in the margin are extremely important. Works Cited How to Mark a Book by Adler, Mortimer (2902-2001) http//www. goodreads. com/quotes/tag/reading, internet.

Human Trafficking Essay

Known as the invisibles or modern-day slaves, the human trafficking swap is the fastest ontogeny criminal trade in the U.S. and one of the most profitable industries in the world. It is global in nature, existing throughout the world, with traffickers coercing men, women and children of all races and circumstances. Approximately 800,000 to 900,000 victims ar trafficked every year of which 100,000 are reportedly children sold into the sex trade. The United States is estimated to have 200,000 slaves, living in our cities seemingly pursuing the American dream.It is easy to understand why this trade is growing so rapidly if you look at our basic human nature and market conditions. Traffikers coerce their victims by promising them whatever they desire be it, a trip to the US, education for their kids, an escape from their families. In return, the victims are placed into servitude as household domestics, escorts, or laborers at small businesses. Victims are the cheap labor needful to drive the market and the traffickers are the owners making all the payments and profits.Sometimes the most innocent of situations can lead into this trade. One of the stories from the National piece Trafficking Resource circle around hotline tells how a girl, sixteen years old, met a man at her topical anaesthetic mall who offered her a job at a restaurant. This seems like a slick occurrence right? Well, it wasnt. Instead of waiting tables and taking orders, she was forced to sell sex in a hotel room.So, what can I do as an fairish American teen presumably untouched by this horrible slavery? After all, I am very aware of stranger dangers and I take upt live in a third world country. Well. there are many easy ways to make an impact. You can encourage local newspapers, magazines and televisionstations to focus on this topic. You can go and volunteer with organizations trying to impose stiffer penalties on traffikers. Its even as easy as keeping an eye out in your everyday life it exists all around us, open your eyes and ask yourselfwhat is wrong with this picture?Maybe the beaver advice I can give is to look at this from our Catholic values perspective where is my compassion for people in need and the courage to challenge partial practices. What does it say about me as a human if I allow a ten year old girl to work in a brothel? And what about Maria, the maid next door, who never leaves the house and works till 10 every night, does she not deserve the same freedoms as I? Yes, it is probably easier to ignore or choose not to engage, but where does that leave our humanity? To really abolish these practices, we have to care and question and be accountable. Human trafficking is wrong and we as the future generation of America need to step up and make a difference. People are not for sale.http//www.gracehavenhouse.org/how-to-help/24-fight-human-trafficking/

American Foreign Relations before 1913

The American Foreign Relations excessively referred to as the distant policy of the united States of America is the adopted policies that the country uses in its interaction with other countries. As of now, the United States is the most influential country in the realism on the basis that it is the only remaining superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union which led to the end of the Cold War.As of now, the economy of the United States is the being largest and this helps the country in its global outreach. The country nowadays has set is foreign policies agendas and objectives as the creation of a world which is more secure, democratic and economically stringy of the benefit of the American citizens as well as the international community (Gardner, 1984).During the Bush politics, the American country has been faced by many international threats and enemies. This is because the administration is thought to have overstepped its foreign relations especially in the countrys q uest to bring approximately world peace and democracy to all nations around the world.However, it is all important(predicate) to relate to the historical overview of the United States of America from the sentence it gained independence to the beginning of the First World War (John, 1935).From 1776 to 1898The United States gained its independence from Britain in the year 1776 and this was brought about by the American Revolution. It is important to note that from that clock, America began its relations with some of the superpowers of Europe at that time, key among them being France.However, from the time of American Revolution to the time of Spanish-American War, the United States foreign relations focused mainly in the regional relations rather the international relations (Engerman, 2000).During the American Revolution, the United States of America unquestionable ties with major European powers at that time. This was necessary because it main rival and colonizer, Britain was a very powerful force at that time. The United States could not have thwarted Britain without the help of some powerful countries.This was the reason that necessitated America to establish ties with Spain, Netherlands and France and it is important to note that the country needed the countries for their intervention in its war with Britain1. Britain at that time was a mutual enemy of the three European countries and the United States as well.The intervention of these three countries saw to it that America attained its independence and also faux the status of a sovereign state (Gardner, 1984).After its war with Britain, the United States also continued to cultivate its ties with Britain and this was enhanced by the signing of the Olive Branch Policy. The United States made various efforts to restore peace and also resume its important trade with Britain. French having contributed so much in the American Revolution was also not left out of the picture.To this end, the United States co ntinued its relations with the French Republic and an important evidence to this is the French presentation of the Statue of Liberty to the United States in the year 1886 (Foner, 1970).1 Gilbert, Felix. To the Farewell Address Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy. Princeton, N.J., (1961) 236 267

Explain the main features of the theory of Utilitarianism Essay

The theory of Utilitarianism takes its name from the Latin word Utilis, meaning useful. It was first developed by Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher and legal theorist of the 18th century. Bentham want to produce a modern and rational glide slope to morality which would suit the changing society of the industrial age. This was also the era of the French and American Revolutions, and of the Enlightenment, so orthodox morality was challenged on galore(postnominal) fronts.Utilitarianism may be regarded as a relativist, consequentialist and teleological system of ethics, prescribing no fixed moral rules and judging an save by its consequences or end result (Greek telos). Bentham argued that one should maximise happiness for the majority (the greatest good for the greatest number Francis Hutcheson), a view which is know as the Utility Principle. Happiness was thus equated with moral goodness. This idea further identifies Bentham as a psychological hedonist, since he regarded humans as bein g primarily motivated by pleasure and the avoidance of pain.A contented society would be a good society. To bring reason and yard to the field of ethics, Bentham then put forward what he regarded as a scientific or empirical process for making moral decisions, known as the hedonic calculus. This consisted of seven key criteria one must consider when making a moral choice Intensity Duration Certainty nearness or remoteness (how close at hand pleasure falls) Fecundity (how likely pleasure is to be followed by more pleasure) Purity Extent (how many people it affects).Later in the 19th century, Benthams God son John Stuart mill around modified his theory. Mill was a leading politician and philosopher of his day, advocating composition and liberal causes such as the equality of women. He regarded Utilitarianism as an important further flawed approaching to ethics. While Bentham had regarded all pleasures as commensurate (they argon all equal or equivalent), Mill distinguished amon g higher and lower pleasures. Higher pleasures would be those which engaged the mind (e. g. music or poetry), but lower pleasures would be those which engaged merely the body (e. g.eating, sex).Mill developed the idea of competent judges those who had experienced the full range of pleasures could discriminate between what is higher and lower. A good society would be refined and constructive in its pleasures, and so Mill avoided the charge that Utilitarianism is a system of base gratification. other key distinction between Bentham and Mill lies in the difference between passage and Rule theories of Utilitarianism. Bentham proposed an Act Utilitarian approach, meaning that he treated each(prenominal) individual action separately, without any rules to guide the individual.Mill meanwhile proposed that one should strain rules based upon the consequences which tend to follow from certain actions (e. g. stealing tends to cause pain, so we should have a rule against stealing). So, despi te advocating the same underlying idea (the promotion of happiness), we can see that Mill and Bentham arrived at two very polar approaches to morality, with Mill avoiding some of the more radical and controversial ideas put forward by Bentham. Evaluate the main strengths and weaknesses of the theory The strengths and weaknesses of Utilitarianism vary between different versions of the theory.The advantages of Act Utilitarianism are non the same as those of Rule Mills outlook was very different from that of Bentham. Overall, however, the strengths of both forms are outweighed by their weaknesses. They are not convincing as ethical systems, and some other approach to ethics is required. An advantage of Benthams Act Utilitarianism is that it considers the consequences and happiness which result from actions this seems a sensible approach to ethics which would find much support today. The theory is also flexible and easy to apply it does not prescribe many hard rules and provides a si mple(a) method for decision making.The theory also enables tough decision making through its relativism (i. e. it would allow us to sacrifice individuals if it is of great benefit to society). The problem with Benthams theory however is that it is truly relativistic, so any conceivable action could be allowed (killing for the sake of pleasure, or ideology). It also enables the suffering of the innocent under a majority, despite obvious injustice. It further allows cruel or sadistic pleasure, since Bentham regarded all pleasure as commensurate (equal), a point noted by the philosopher Bernard Williams.Mills theory offers many advantages which get around the problems of Benthams Act Utilitarianism. By distinguishing between the quality of pleasures, Mill rules out the possibility of sadism or deplorable pleasure (e. g. prison guards enjoying torturing an innocent victim). Also, by offering Rule Utilitarianism, Mill is stating that certain actions are explicitly prohibited because the y tend to promote pain. So, he would not allow torture, no matter how much it was enjoyed. However, Mills theory lacks the flexibility of Benthams, which means that sensible rule breaking is no extended possible (an objection pointed out by R. M. Hare).One could not tell white lies, even to protect others. There is a further weakness in Mills idea of different qualities of pleasure how can we judge what makes pleasure higher or lower? Surely this is a subjective matter, as taste varies from person to person. It might also be argued that the concept of a competent judge is vague, since it is not clear whether we can really identify such people in todays society. Overall, the theories put forward by Bentham and Mill fail to provide a convincing or useful approach to ethics. On the one hand, Benthams views are strikingly relativistic, allowing any pleasure (even sadism).On the other hand, Mills Rule system lacks the flexibility to make sensible choices in difficult situations. It may be that some other and more modern version of the theory can overcome these problems, such as Welfare Utilitarianism (as supported by Peter Singer) or Two Rule Utilitarianism (as suggested by R. M. Hare). We could strike a balance between favouring firm moral principles and give attention to significant consequences or the all-round wellbeing of society. Such a compromise offers a more promising approach to ethics than the classical forms of Utilitarianism.

Progress of Agriculture Before and After Independence of India Essay

Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a long time. It has to support almost 17 per penny of world population from 2. 3 per cent of world geographical area and 4. 2 per cent of worlds water resources. The economic reforms, initiated in the country during the early 1990s, have put the economy on a higher growth trajectory. Annual growth rate in GDP has accelerate from be broken in 6 percent during the initial years of reforms to more than 8 percent in recent years. This happened mainly due to rapid growth in non-agriculture sector.The workforce engaged in agriculture between 1980-81 and 2006-07 witnessed a very small decline from 60. 5 percent to 52 percent. The present cropping intensity of 137 per cent has registered an increase of only 26 per cent since 1950-51. The net sown area is 142 Mha. The net irrigated area was 58. 87 Mha in 2004-05. Presently, the total net irrigated area covers 45. 5 per cent of the net sown area, the remaining 54. 5 per cent is rainfed. The degradation of land and surface as well as ground water resources results in fast deterioration of soil health.Losses due to biotic (insect-pests, diseases, weeds) and abiotic (drought, salinity, heat, cold, etc. ) stresses account for about one-fourth of the value of agricultural produce. The storage, transportation, processing, value addition and merchandising of farm produce need to be improved to enhance household food, nutrition and livelihood security. Indian agriculture is characterized by agro-ecological diversities in soil, rainfall, temperature, and cropping system. Besides approbative solar energy, the country receives about 3 trillion m3 of rainwater, 14 major, 44 medium and 55 minor rivers hare about 83 per cent of the drainage basin.About 210 billion m3 water is estimated to be available as ground water. Irrigation water is becoming a scarce commodity. Thus proper harvesting and cost-effective utilization of water is of great importance. Intensive cultivation as a result of introduction of high yielding varieties in the mid 1960s unavoidable higher energy inputs and better management practices. Land preparation, harvesting, threshing and irrigation are the operations, which utilize most of the energy used in agriculture. The share of animate ply in agriculture decreased from 92 er cent in 1950-51 to 20 per cent in 2000-01.For desired cropping intensity with timeliness in line operations, animate energy sources alone were no longer adequate. Farmers opted for mechanical power sources to supplement animate power. Average size of farm holdings gradually reduced from 2. 58 ha to 1. 57 ha (Table 1). Small and marginal farmers have limited resources especially in rain-fed regions where only animate power is used resulting in low productivity. Though agricultural production is high, the per hectare productivity is much lower than world average. There is an urgent need to increase productivity.

Cat Evolution

The felids argon a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 1015 one thousand million years ago,26 and include, in addition to the domestic wander, lions, tigers, cougars, and many others. Within this family, domestic cats (Felis catus) are part of the genus Felis, which is a group of small cats containing slightly seven species (depending upon classification scheme). 127 Members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat (Felis chaus) of southeast Asia, European wildcat (F. silvestris silvestris), African wildcat (F. s. lybica), the Chinese volume cat (F. bieti), and the Arabian sand cat (F. argarita), among others. 28 All the cats in this genus share a common ancestor that probably lived around 67 million years ago in Asia. 29 The exact relationships within the Felidae are close but still uncertain,3031 e. g. the Chinese mountain cat is sometimes class (under the call in Felis silvestris bieti) as a raceway of the wildcat, like an African variety F. S. lybica. 430 As domestic cats are little altered from wildcats, they can promptly interbreed. This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary, and possibly also the Iberian Peninsula. 32 The domestic cat was first classified advertisement as Felis catus by Carolus Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758. 13 However, because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are now usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, Felis silvestris. 1433 This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the domestic cat can be called by its subspecies name, Felis silvestris catus. 1433 Wildcats fix also been referred to as various subspecies of F. catus,33 but in 2003 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the name for wildcats as F. ilvestris. 34 The most common name in use for the domestic cat remains F. catus, following a convention for domest icated animals of using the earliest (the senior) synonym proposed. 34 Sometimes the domestic cat has been called Felis domesticus35 or Felis domestica,1 as proposed by German naturalist J. C. P. Erxleben in 1777, but these are not valid taxonomic names and involve only rarely been used in scientific literature,36 because Linnaeuss binomial takes precedence. 37 Cats have either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with humans.However, in comparison to dogs, cats have not undergone major changes during the domestication process, as the form and behavior of the domestic cat are not radically different from those of wildcats, and domestic cats are short capable of surviving in the wild. 3839 This limited evolution during domestication means that domestic cats tend to interbreed freely with wild relatives,32 which distinguishes them from other domesticated animals. citation needed in full domesticated house cats also often interbreed with feral F. atus populations. 25 However, sev eral natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have pre-adapted them for domestication as pets. 39 These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play, and relatively high intelligence401217 they may also have an inborn tendency towards tameness. 39 There are two main theories about how cats were domesticated. In one, people deliberately tamed cats in a process of artificial selection, as they were useful predators of vermin. 41 However, this has been criticized as implausible, because thither may have been little reward for such(prenominal) an effort Cats generally do not carry out commands and, although they do eat rodents, other species such as ferrets or terriers may be better at controlling these pests. 4 The alternative idea is that cats were simply tolerated by people and gradually diverged from their wild relatives by dint of natural selection, as they adapted to hunting the vermin found around humans in towns and villages. 4

The indian national congress

IntroductionThe Indian national relation is besides known as the social intercourse party and abbreviations INC. Indian national congerss is a study governmental party in India.INC founded in 1885 by allan octvian Hume, dadabhai naroji, dinshaw bacha, womesh Chandra banerjee, surendranath banerjee, manmohan ghosh and William wedderburn. The Indian national Congress became the leader of india independent motion, with over 15 million member and over 70 million engagement in its battle against British regulation in India later independency in 1947. National Congress became the states dominant semipolitical party, lead by the NEHERU-GANDHI household for most of the party, challenged for leading merely in more recent decennaries, the party is presently the main member of the opinion join progressive confederation alliance. It is the lone party to acquire more than 100 million ballots in three general election.The Indian national association was the first base professed nationalist organisation founded in British India by surendranath banerjee and anand mohan Bose in 1876. The aims of this association were promoting by every legitimate means the political, rational and material promotion of the the large unwashed . The association attracted more educate Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the state and became an of import forum for Indians aspirers for independency. It subsequently merged with Indian national Congress. Its scratch line from the zamindari sabha ( association ) founded by DWARIKANATH TAGORE and his cousin PRASANNO TAGORE In 1831. In 1857 the association support the E india company in the sepoy munity, naming the root penalty for the Rebels.In 1866 pandit navin Chandra roy was constitute asa secretary of the association a station which he held for 4 old ages before he eventually moved to Lahore in the class of his employment. Ramnath Tagore was the president from 1867 to 1877 after a stormy meeting in 1870 a declaration moved by na tionalist adi dharma cabal of babu hemendra nath Tagore was approved to voice the concern of educated Indians to the British governments on issue of favoritism, engagement of Indian in the Indian civil sercice and political authorization and representation of Indian. This consequence in a split, whereby stonemason crown stalwart formed a breakway association called the Indian unsnarl association under keshab Chandra sen to unlift the common people but merely give them political representation when they ready for it . 1871 a subdivision was established by the adi Dharma cabal in oudh by dakshinarajan mukherjee for demanding Indian elected representation in legislative assemblies.The reform association cabal on July 26th 1876 established a India sabha with Bengali leaders like surendranath banerjee sastri, anand mohan bose etc. And held its first one-year conference in culcutta, from 1880 boulder clay 1890 a acrimonious conflict for control of the reform association ensued between the prosen and anti-sen cabals.HistoryPatriot on salt MarchThe fairy adopted in 1931 and used by the proviso authorities of free India during the 2nd universe war.From the foundation of national Congress 28 December 1885 till the clip of independency of india 15 special K 1947, the national Congress was the largest and most outstanding india public organisation, which influence of the Indian independency motion.ALLAN OCTAVIAN HUMEAllan Octavian Hume is the of Indian national Congress.Founded upon the suggestion of British civil retainer named allan Octavian Hume. aft(prenominal) the first war of Indian independency and the transportation of India from the east india company to the British imperium, it was the end of the raj to back up and warrant its administration of India with the assistance of English-educated Indians, who would be familiar and friendly to British civilization and political thining. On 12 oct 1885, Hume and a group of educated Indians besides published an ent reaty from the people of India to the voters of great Britain and Ireland to inquire British electors in 1885 British general election to assist back up campaigners sympathetic to Indian public sentiment, which included resistance to the levying of tax revenue enhancements on India to finance the British Indian runs in afganistan and support for legislative reform in India.On 28 December 1885, the Indian national Congress was founded at gokuldas tejpal Sanskrit college in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attending. hume false office as the general secretary, and womesh Chandra banerjee of Calcutta was elected president besides hume two extra British members ( two Scottish civil retainers ) were members of the establishing group, William wedderburn and justness ( subsequently, sir ) toilet jardine. The other members were largely hindus from the Bombay and madras presidential terms.FIRST SESSION OF INDIAN topic CONGRESSThe first session of Indian national Congress was held on 28-31 De cember 1885 at Bombay. Lokmanya tilak was the first to encompass swaraj as the national end. The first jets of nationalist sentiment that rose amongst congress members were when the desire to be equal in the organic structures of authorities, to hold a say, a ballot in the jurisprudence devising and issues of disposal of India.ANNIE BESANTAnnie besant was by far the most conspicuously bear on European in the Indian battle when British entered into the British Indian ground forces into universe war I, it provoked the first unequivocal, countrywide political contrast of its sort in India. The divided Congress re- united in the polar lucknow session in 1916, with bal gangadhar tilak and gopal Krishna gokhle decorating the phase together one time once more.MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHIMohandas Gandhi gave emanation to a whole new coevals of patriots, and a whole new signifier of revolution. In the twelvemonth after the universe war, the rank of the Congress grow well, owing to public exhilaration after Gandhi s in champaran and kheda. A whole new ganaration of leaders arose from different portion of India who were commited gandhians-sardar vallabhbhai patel, jawarharlal neheru, rajendra Prasad, chakravarti Rajagopalachari, narhari parikh, mahadev desai- every bit tidy as hot -blooded patriot aroused by Gandhi s active leadership- chittaranjan hyrax, subhas Chandra Bose, srinivasa lyengar.Gandhi transformed the Congress from an elitist party based in the metropoliss, to an organisation of the people.JAWAHARLAL NEHERU SITTING succeeding(prenominal) TO MAHATMA GANDHI AT THE AICC GENERAL SESSION.Partition OF INDIAWithin the Congress, the divider of India was opposed by khan abdul gaffar, saifuddin kitchlew, Dr. Khan sahib and congresswomans from the states that would necessarily go portion of Pakistan. Maulana azad was opposed to divider in rule, but did non compliments to hinder the national leading.LEADERSHIP CHANGESIn 1947, the Congress presidential term passe d upon jivatram gresskripalani, a seasoned gandhian and ally of both Nehru and patel. Indian s duumvirate expressed neutrality and intact support to the elective victor of the 1947,1948 and 1949 presidential races.However, a jerk of war began between Nehru and his socialist wing, and patel and Congress diehards broke out in 1950 s race. Nehru lobbied intensely to oppose the campaigning purushottam hyrax tondon, whom he perceived as a hindu-muslim dealingss. Nehru openly backed kripalani to oppose tondon, but neglected courtesy to patel upon the inquiry.Members OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Understanding The Stereochemistry Of Organic Compounds Environmental Sciences Essay

Stereoisomers are defined as molecules of self equivalent(a) nuclear composings ( molecular expression ) , but with distinct adhering agreements of atoms or orientation of their atoms in infinite. establish on this definition, some(prenominal) types of isomerism are possible including constitutional, configurational, and descriptoral isomerism. Constitutional isomers ( alike called structural or positional isomers ) are molecules with the like nuclear composing but distinguishable adhering agreements between atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone. All of these compounds confirm the same nuclear composing ( C6H6O2 ) , but different adhering agreements of atoms and are therefore distinguishable chemical substance entities with different chemical and bodily belongingss.Stereochemistry ( from the the Greek stereos, intending solid ) refers to chemistry in 3 dimensions.Since most molecules are three dimension, stereochemistry, infact, pre vade all chemical science.It is non so much a subdivision of the topic as a testify of position, and wheather one choose to take this point of position in any depictn state of affairs depends on the job one wants to work place and on the tools one has available to work out it.We factorize stereochemistry into its ststic and dynamic aspects.STATIC stereochemistry ( better called stereochemistry of molecules ) trades with the numeration of stereoisomer, with their construction, with their energy and with their forcible and most of their spectral belongings.DYNAMIC stereochemistry ( stereochemistry of response ) deals with the stereochemical demand and stereochemical result of chemical reactions, including interconversion of conformational isomerms.If we represent the undermentioned fanciful molecule with no stereochemistry, there is zippo retrievemingly particular closely itHowever, if we represent it to the full, including the place of atoms in infinite, it becomes evident t hat the description above is obscure, as it encompasses twain molecules those belowThis is what stereochemistry is we can specify compounds into umpteen manner and can anyways arise many new compouds.So stereochemistry is chemical science that surveies the belongings of isomers.HistoryHistorically the beginnings of stereochemistry root from the find of compressed polarized distinct beam by the French physicist MALUS.In 1815 biot note that certain natural perfect compounds turn skip polarized macroscopic radiation asARGO ( 1811 ) , discovered that a vitreous silica home base, hop at a right tend to its crystal axis, rotates the plane polarized visible radiation through an angle proportional to the thickness of the home base. S ome vitreous silica crystal rotate towards left fleck some to the right.However in 1847 LOUIS PASTEUR find that equimolar solution of seprated mixture occupy equal but black eye optical activity.In 1874 LEBEL and VANT-HOFF proposes that C with 4 fond regard is tetrahedral and a molecule holding a teahedral geometry go forth be as brace of ii isomer.IsomerismIsomers are defined as molecules of indistinguishable atomic composings ( molecular expression ) , but with different adhering agreements of atoms or orientation of their atoms in infinite. Based on this definition, several types of isomerism are possible including constitutional, configurational, and conformational isomerism. Constitutional isomers ( be cases called structural or positional isomers ) are molecules with the same atomic composing but different adhering agreements between atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone. All of these compounds have got the same atomic composing ( C6H6O2 ) , but different adhering agreements of atoms and are therefore distinguishable chemical entities with different chemical and physical belongingss.GEOMETRIC ISOMERISMGeometric isomers have the same empirical expression or molecular expres sion and besides the same structural expression, but have a different comparative agreement of the substituent free radicals. For illustration, the two geometrical isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene ( introduce 2 ) have the molecular expression of C2H2Cl2, and the same structural expression of Cl ( H ) C=C ( H ) Cl, but the comparative place of the two Cl atoms can to each one be the same side of the C=C dual bail cleave ( i.e. , Commonwealth of Independent States, see protrude 2a ) or on foeman sides of the C=C dual bail bond ( i.e. , trans, see Figure 2b ) . The usage of Commonwealth of Independent States and trans is non limited to organic compounds such as alkenes, but can besides be used in metal composites, e.g. , Figure 3.Figure 2 The two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene. Figure 3 Examples of ( a ) Commonwealth of Independent States and ( B ) trans geometric isomers for metal composites. When it is non possible to depict geometric isomers by the footings cis or tr ans, the footings facial ( fac, Figure 4a ) or meridinal ( thousand, Figure 4b ) are normally employed. Examples of ( a ) fac and ( B ) mer geometric isomers for metal composites.POLARIMETRY AND OPTICAL ROTATIONPolarized visible radiation is obtained by go throughing ordinary visible radiation through a polarizer, such as nicol prism.The orientation of the polarizer s axis of polarisation determines the plane of the ensuing polarized visible radiation.Optical Activity Unpolarized visible radiation from a suit beginning is do to go through through a polarizer that normally consists of a brace of cut across Nichol prisms. The light go forthing the polarizer is flat polarized and, in the diagram, the angle of the Nichol prisms has been adjusted to bring forth vertically polarized visible radiation. This visible radiation is so passed through a tubing incorporating the sample. If the sample is optically active, the plane of the polarized visible radiation will be rotated, as shown in figure The extent of whirligig act will depend on the polarizability of the substance and its concentration. The visible radiation from the sample cell is so passed through another brace of crossed Nichol prisms called the analyser. The analyser prisms are so rotated so that the familial visible radiation is once to a greater extent vertically polarized. The angle through which the analyser has been turned is called the angle of polarisation. Clockwise merry-go-round consummation of polarized visible radiation is designated as ( + ) and anti clockwise rotary motion as ( ) . The constituted method of specifying rotary motion is that the ( + ) isomer is termed dextro and the ( ) isomer laevo.Optical activities of enantiomerA brace of enantiomorph are distinguised by their optical activites because a brace of enantiomorphs rotates the plane of polarized visible radiation by equal sums in opposite way.In a mixture of two enantiomorphs, each contribute to the optical rotary motion in proportion to its concentration.It follows that a sample incorporating equal sums of two enantiomorph must hold an ascertained optical rotary motion of nothing.Enantiomorph of tartaric acid isEnantiomorphEnantiomorphs are compounds that have the same ordination of atoms as each other, but that differ from one another when viewed in three dimensions. The compound drawn to the left is an enantiomorph because it has the H3C sort out considering up from the page toward the reader. The corresponding enantiomorph would hold the H3C group projecting below the page off from the reader. A racemic mixture refers to a 5050 mixture of two co-ordinated enantiomorphs.CHIRALITYChirality is a structural belongings of an object. An object is said to bechiral if its mirror image can non be layered with itself by the agencies of rotary motions. The most familiar illustration of a chiral object is our manus. To see this, we foremost have to convert ourselves that our two custodies are mirror image s of each other. Then we can pass hours revolving our two custodies more or less and seeking to superpose them point-to-point, scarcely to happen out that it is impossible. Thus a human manus is a chiral object. An object is said to be achiral if its mirror image is its exact reproductionDIASTEREOMERThey are different physical/chemical belongingss in chiral/achiral environments.Stereoisomers that are non enantiomer are called diastereomers.FISHER PROJECTIONFischer projections are used to visually depict assorted isomers of the same compound in two dimensions. They are besides used as a basic trial for optical activity ( or chirality ) . The Fischer projection looks like a cross, with the ( camouflaged ) asymmetric C located at the points where the lines cross. The horizontal lines are taken to be cuneuss, or bonds that project out of the plane of the paper. The perpendicular lines are taken to project away organize the spectator, or affirm below the plane of the paper, as dotted lines.Configurationconfigurational isomers are defined as molecules of indistinguishable atomic composing and adhering agreements of atoms, but different orientations of atoms in infinite, and these different orientations can non interconvert freely by bond rotary motion. Since these types of isomers differ merely in comparative spacial orientations of atoms, they are normally referred to as stereoisomers. Configurational stereoisomers are subcategorized as optical isomers ( enantiomorphs ) or geometric isomers ( Fig. 2 ) , depending upon the hybridisation province and geometry of the atoms that impart the belongingss of stereoisomerism and the boilers suit construction of the molecule. Stereoisomers of this type are distinguishable chemical entities that may hold different chemical and physical belongingss.ConformationConformational isomers ( conformers ) are stereoisomeric signifiers characterized by different comparative spacial agreements of atoms that result from rotary motio n about sigma bonds. Therefore, unlike configurational isomers, conformers are interconverting stereochemical signifiers of a individual compound.STEREOCHEMICAL CorrelationThe imperious constellation of most organic compounds are determined alternatively by utilizing chemical reaction correlative with other compounds of known absolute compounds is known as stereochemical correlativity.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONNo chemical reaction can be aforethought(ip) without stereochemical inside informations, and no chemical reaction can be planned without sing jobs oe stereochemistry that might originate.A.STEREOCHEMICHEMISTRY OF addendum REACTIONAn accoutrement reaction can happen in either of two stereochemically different ways, called syn add-on and anti add-on.Stereochemistry of an add-on can be determined merely when the stereochemically different manners of add-on give rise to stereochemically different merchandises.Syn and anti add-on gives different merchandises merely wh en both Cs of the dual bond becomes carbon stereocentre in the merchandise.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF SUBSITITUTION REACTIONA permutation reaction can happen in two stereochemically different ways, called keeping of constellation and upending of constellation so x and x have the same comparative stereochemical place.Substation rxn with keeping of constellation isIt implies that if x and x have the same comparative precedences in the R, S system so the C that undergoes subsititution will hold the same constellation in the reactant and the merchandise.When the subsititution occur with inversion of constellation so x and x have different comparative stereochemical places.Subsititution with inversion of constellation isThey have same comparative precedences in the R, S system, so the C that undergoes permutation must hold opposite constellation in the reactant and the merchandise.Stereochemistry of A Chemical reactionsTwo merchandises are formed when a chiral substrate that possesses an asy mmetric, electrophilic C is apply in an A reaction. One of them has the same absolute constellation as the get toss off merchandise ( if, harmonizing to the CIP regulations, the go forthing group and the nucleophile have the same place in the precedence order of the substituents ) , which is called keeping. In contrast, the other merchandise possesses the opposite absolute constellation, known as inversion. In reactions, the nucleofuge exits the substrate before the nucleophilic infringement can of all time happen. Thus, an intermediate carbocation is so formed. Due to the carbocation s rhombohedral planar form, its two enantiotopic sides are susceptible to assail by the nucleophile with the same chance.Stereochemistry ofA Chemical reactionsIf a pure enantiomorph is applied to an reaction, three different stereochemical consequences are imaginableThe initial spacial agreement of the reaction centre s substituents remains ( keeping ) .The initial substituent s spacial agreement is inverted ( inversion ) .Retention, every telephone number good as inversion takes topographic point. If keeping and inversion occur to the same grade, the reaction yields a racemate ( racemization ) .Stereochemistry of E2 EliminationIn the E2 riddance reaction, the carbon-hydrogen sigma bond and the carbon-leaving group sigma bond must lie in the same plane. This allows the orbitals to get down to overlap to organize the pi bond as the bonds to the H and the go forthing group are broken. There are two possible two-dimensional agreements of these bonds both on the same side of the C-C bond ( syn-coplanar ) or on opposite sides of the C-C bond ( anti-coplanar )In syn the bond from the C to the go forthing group ( unfledged ) and the bond from the other C to the H ( bluish ) are syn-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is zero grades. This conformation is eclipsed about the carbon-carbon bondIn anti the bond from the C to the go forthing group ( green ) and the bond fro m the other C to the H ( bluish ) are anti-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is 180 grades. This conformation is staggered about the carbon-carbon bond. Because this conformation is more stable than the eclipsed conformation required for syn riddance, anti riddance is preferred in E2 reactionsSTEREOCHEMISTRY OF ALKANEConformationsAlkane conformers arise from rotary motion around sp3 hybridised C C sigma bonds. The smallest methane series with such a chemical bond, C2H6, exists as an infinite figure of conformations with regard to rotation around the C-C bond. Two of these are recognised as energy lower limit ( staggered ) and energy upper limit ( eclipsed ) signifiers. The being of specific conformations is due to hindered rotary motion around sigma bonds, although a function for hyperconjugation is proposed by a viing theory.CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERThere are different types of isomer.Isomers such as butane and isobutane that differ in the connectivity of their atom are termed as constitutional isomer.butane and isobutane are merely constitutional isomer with the formulaC4H10.However, more constitutional isomer are possibles for methane series with more C atoms.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ALKENEThe stereochemistry of halogen add-on is uniquely determined by the anti add-on and the about wholly restricted rotary motion of the carbon-carbon bond of the halonium ion. Therefore, the bromination of cis-2-butene outputs a racemate of ( 2R,3R ) and ( 2S,3S ) -dibromobutane, whereas the bromination of trans-2-butene outputs the meso compound.CIS TRANS GEOMETRY OF ALKENEIf olefines have two different substituents at each terminal of the C=C so they can be as stereoisomers ( as geometric isomers ) .This is because there is restricted rotary motion of the dual bond due to the pi bondCIS TRANSE-Z SYSTEMThe cis- / trans- manner is based on the long-lasting concatenation whereas the E/Z manner is based on a set of precedence rules.AYou enquire to cognize both manners .Z SYSTEM cis-but-2-eneor ( Z ) -but-2-eneThe E- and Z- manner is more dependable and peculiarly suited to extremely substituted olefines, particularly when the substituents are non alkyl groups.STEREOCHEMISTRY -FUTURE PROSPECTUS AND APLLICATION1.Temperature transition of the stereochemistry of enzymatic catalys.2.It is used in medical examination intent for malarial bar, control and research3.The HeI resonance line used for UPS was produced by DC crystallize of pure He gas.4. Stereochemistry is extremely used in biochemistry in assorted intents like enzyme accelerator e.t.c.5. paper ionisation is known to be one of the most of import types of chemical reaction in aerospace.Steric display consequence of methyl group an writing ionisation in subsitutional aminobenzine.6. Stereochemistry is ever used in espial new compounds7. Stereochemistry is used to cognize the belongings and other new belongings of the bing compound or the compounds non knowna..REFRENCESHehre, W.J. ( 1975 ) , J.AM.CHEMKARLE J. ( 1973 ) , electron DIFRACTION IN NACHOD, F.C AND ZUKERMAN, VOL 5 P12.ELIEL L. ERNEST ( 2009 ) , STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WILEY STUDENT EDITIONLOUDON MARC G. ( 2009 ) ,4th EDITON, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, OXFORD UNIERSITY PRESSWeb sitehypertext tilt protocol //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File Example_of_stereoisomershypertext transfer protocol //www.google.co.in/imgres? imgurl=http //img121.imageshack.us/img121/5564/81111276.jpg & A imgrefurl=http //www.chemicalforums.com/index.WWW.CHEMISTRY.UKwww.wileyindia/chem.com

Investment and Cost Savings Essay

IntroductionThe purpose of this report is to address the key strategic issues facing Coast4Life with the expect downturn ahead. Included is a financial analysis, identification of major issues, analysis of alternatives and a recommendation.Financial out cable for the Year Ended 2012 (Appendix 1)* Current proportionality of 1.6 indicates that the company can meet its short term obligations. there is a 46% improvement versus last years current ratio of 1.1. Quick ratio of 1.8 shows a 50% improvement. * Total debt- to-equity of 1.5 shows a 12% improvement over prior years ratio of 1.7 indicating that the firm is relying less on debt. Times interest earned ratio of 6.4 improved by 30%. * Profitability ratios indicate overall earnings growth. Net margin of 15.2% grew by 18% compared to 12.9% in 2011 while Return-on-Equity (ROE) of 27.4% grew by 16%. Return on Investments (ROI) of 11.2% shows a significant 28% growth from 8.7% and stick on a 14% favourable variance compared to target. * Revenue and net income grew by 13.4% and 33.3%, respectively.Major Strategic IssuesWith the expect estimated 30%-35% decline in the overall booking, the expected impact is a decline in income by $7M (Appendix 2). The proposed alternatives to generate additional revenues and or/ cost savings are evaluated using a required aft(prenominal) tax rate of return of 16%.Alternative 1 Change Customer MixObjectives increase Repeat Customers from 20% to 40%Maximize Age Group 40-60 years old from 30% to 38%Pros* incremental Income of $721K in 2013 $2.1M for the 3 years ahead combined (Appendix 3)* chance to exaggerate extra-services* Maximizes capacity/resourcesCons* market constraints to target customer flick* may require additional costs to achieve targetThis cream addresses the incremental income requirement. It maximizes profitability and provides opportunities to expand business ( in line with the companys mission).Alternative 2 Implement a web-based booking systemPros* Increme ntal savings of $24K in 2013 $226K for the 3-yrs ahead combined (Appendix 4)* Opportunity for additional costs reduction (i.e. advertising, promotion)* Provides information about passengers* Opportunity to target more customers* Meets demand for Internet-booking* explanation module improves financial reportingCons* Loss of customer service* Technology must be up to date and well maintained* Security (i.e. financial data, customers)This option meets the cost savings requirement. It also addresses the quick need of the company for market/customer information and addresses constraints in alternative 1 (customer mix). This is in line with the companys mission to provide unique services.Alternative 3 Hire Crew and hospitality Workers from Underdeveloped Countries Pros* Incremental cost savings of $883K $2.1M for the 3 years ahead combined (Appendix 5)* Cheaper wagesCons* May damage reputation (poor service quality)* May dampen employees moraleThis alternative meets the requirement for cost savings. To check out quality service, the company must invest in training. The company should also keep key employees (pros assists in training, promotion could keep morale high). Long-term cost savings is attractive.Alternative 4 Divest the Fraser change dockPros* Incremental Income of $3.1M in 2013 $2.5M for the 3-years ahead combined (Appendix 6)* Focus on magnetic core businessCons* Incremental costs of $438K per year (maintenance and lost income from the dry dock operations (Appendix 6)* Decline in company-wide morale* equipment casualty to reputation and local ties* Quality of third-party maintenanceThis alternative meets the incremental income required. This allows the company to focus on its core business. However, long-term, the negative impact on income, reputation and ties with the community are not desirable.It is recommended to change customer mix and implement a web-based booking system. two alternatives achieve the income requirement (total $745K in 2013 $ 2.4M for the 3 years ahead). Both alternative have low risk and provide more opportunities to maximize the use of its resources and capacity and expand business. Hiring crew and staff from underdeveloped countries is recommended if the high risk is mitigated i.e. by retaining key employees. Divesting the drydock is not recommended due to the incremental expenses associated in future years.ConclusionThe recommended alternatives meet the requirement to generate revenue and/or cost savings to counter the expected downturn in 2013.

Biological Effects on Hunger and Satiation

There Is a theory cal guide affaire dhonneur admit theory that assumes that the olfaction of famish and satiation ar controlled by two parts of the hypothalamus the lateral hypothalamus and the avant-garde hypothalamus. It is stated that the venturesome hypothalamus Is triggered by an Increase In the glucose levels during consume, It then gives out the feeling of satiation (fullness) create a person to stop eating. Whereas the decline In glucose level triggers the lateral hypothalamus which then gives out the feeling of hunger making the Individual want to eat.This theory Is backed by a study conducted by Withering and ransom (1942) who found that after creating lesions (damage) In a rats VIM they found that the rate locomote obese and overate, thus showing the rat sots its feeling of satiety and had no holds on how much to eat. some other study d maven by And and broke (1 951 ) showed that when the LA in rats was damaged or had a lesion it led to the loss of eating in the r at. The problem with these studies is that they are conducted on rats which begs the question are whether you can deduce the findings and generalist them on humans.Although they are found to have a similar gene structure to humans, we are still two actually different species and humans are a far more interwoven organism, with mood, feelings etc. Also both the studies are very old which questions there reliability, with far less knowledge about the brain in 1950 the study could have been effected by other factors for example causing lesions in the VIM tends to also damage the parenthetical nucleus which is another area of the hypothalamus.Withering & Ransom did not take this into account which has effectively moved a loss in the reliability of their study. Not only this simply Gold (1973) found that lesions in the VIM alone did not cause hyperplasia and stated that t is presumable that damage done to the parenthetical nuclease ( the area were Withering and ransom caused damage ) helps to cause hyperplasia, but there is one problem with Gold study and its that it has never been replicated and research has been found that shows that lesions in the Vim does cause overeating.The duel control theory is a very reductionism theory as it assumes that the sole control of eating and feelings of hunger and satiety are biological and does not take Into inconsideration environmental and emotional factors on why wad have such eating characteristics. It is also quite determinist In the way that it says the on the whole control Is biological meaning we individually have no control In It and that Is Is programmed and that we have no say In the matter, which Is seen In everyday life to be Incorrect as you see people going through life changes whos eating characteristics completely change.Another theory Is that gherkin (a hormone given off by the stomach) triggers he hypothalamus to stimulate the sensation of hunger. Cummings (et al) did a studios 6 participants and monit ored there gherkin levels during after and before eating throughout the day. She found that peoples gherkin levels fell straight after rose and peaked at the feeling of hunger. She think that gherkin levels directly affected the level of hunger a person was feeling and reflected the emptiness of their stomach. The study was super flawed as it had a lot of methodological issues.Firstly he study was carried out on 6 male participants meaning we cannot extrapolate the findings to the general public and only to men. Another problem is that it is a very artificial environment which could of effected the participants behavior and caused nervousness or anxiety which could have effected results as they were being monitored. Lastly the study is a correlation one meaning we can conclude cause and effect. However this story does coincide and supports findings from previous research on gherkin.

Report on Fmcg Market Sructure and Market Share

PROJECT REPORT ON FMCG MARKET SRUCTURE AND MARKET SHARE What is FMCG? FMCG is an acronym for degenerate Moving Consumer Goods, which refer to things that we buy from local super commercializes on daily basis, the things that be non-dur adequate, sold quickly, at relatively low cost, incur high turnover and be relatively cheaper. FMCGs constitute a rotund part of consumers budget in all countries.The most common in thelist are baby foods, jakes soaps, detergents, shampoos, tooth historice, cosmetics, shaving products, shoe polish, refined cooking oil, packaged foodstuff, soft drinks, chocolate bar, tissue paper and different household accessories and extends to certain electronic goods and other non-durables much(prenominal) as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products and plastic goods, such as buckets etc. These items are meant for daily of frequent consumption and dupe a high return.FMCG are products that cause a quick shelf turnover, at relatively low cost and dont re quire a clustering of thought, time and financial investment to corrupt. The margin of profit on every individual FMCG product is less(prenominal) but as they sell in large quantities so the cumulative profit on such products are high. Hence profit in FMCG goods always translates to number of goods sold. The main segments of FMCG celestial sphere are ) individual(prenominal) dish out, Oral Care, Hair Care, Skin Care, Personal Wash (cosmetics and assries (soaps), deodorants, perfumes, male grooming, feminine hygiene, paper product) 2) Household care (fabric wash laundry soaps, synthetic detergents, household cleaners, such as dish/utensil cleaners, floor cleaners, toilet cleaners, air fresheners, insecticides and mosquito repellents, metal polish and furniture polish) 3) Packaged food and health beverages (flour, tea, coffee, sugar, staples, cereals, dairy products, chocolates, soft drinks, juices, bottled water, sharpness food, chocolates and cakes) 4) Tobacco.India the FMC G Market The Indian FMCG sector is an important contributor to the countrys GDP. The Indian FMCG sector with a commercialize size of US$14. 8 million is the fourth largest sector in the economy and is responsible for 5% of the lend factory employment in India. The FMCG industry also creates employment for 3 million people in downstream activities, much of which is disbursed in small towns and farming(prenominal) India. This FMCG industry has witnessed strong growth in the past decade.This has been due to liberalization, urbanization, increase in the disposable incomes and altered lifestyle. Furthermore, the FMCG boom increased due to the reduction in excise duties, packaging innovations etc. and unlike the perception that the FMCG sector is a producer ofluxury items targeted for the elite group but in reality, the sector meets the every day needs of the masses. The lower-middle income group accounts for over 60% of the sectors sales. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with hobnailed India accounting for the remaining 34%.The growing incline of rural and semi-urban folks for FMCG products will be mainly responsible for the growth in this sector, as manufacturers will have to deepen their concentration for higher sales volumes. Many of the global FMCG majors have been present in the country for many decades. But in the last ten historic period, many of the smaller rung Indian FMCG companies have gained in scale. As a result, the unorganized and regional players have witnessed erosion in the market share. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value orbit gives India a competitive advantage.The FMCG market is set to double from USD 14. 7 billion in 2008-09 to USD 30 billion in 2012. FMCG sector will witness more than 60 per cent growth in rural and semi-urban India. The bottom line is that Indian market is changing apace and is showing unprecedented consumer business opportun ity. history of FMCG in India In India, companies like ITC, HLL, Colgate, Cadbury and snuggle have been a dominant force in the FMCG sector well supported by relatively less competition and high entry barriers (import duty was high). These companies were, thitherfore, able to charge a premium for their products.In this context, the margins were also on the higher side. With the gradual opening up of the economy over the last decade, FMCG companies have been forced to fight for a market share. In the process, margins have been compromised, more so in the last six grades (FMCG sector witnessed decline in demand). The chase are the main characteristics of FMCGs From the customers perspective 1. Frequent purchase 2. secondary involvement (little or no effort to choose the item products with strong brand loyalty are exceptions to this rule) . Low toll From the companies perspective 1. high-pitched volumes 2. Low contribution margins 3. Extensive distribution networks 4. High sto ck turnover major(ip) FMCG companies in India Hindustan Unilever Ltd. , ITC (Indian Tobacco Company), Nestle India Ltd. , GCMMF (AMUL), Dabur India, Asian Paints (India), Cadbury India, Britannia Industries, Procter & Gamble Hygiene and Health Care, Marico Industries, Nirma, Coca-Cola, Pepsi MARKET SHARE OF FMCG COMPANIES (BABY FOOD) IN INDIA FROM 2001 TO 2010 Bottom of FormIn the above pie chart we capture the total sales during the financial years from 2001 to 2010 of various FMCG provender Beverage companies in India . THE COMPARATIVE DATA OF % MARKET SHARE OF NESTLE INDIA LTD. WITH all(prenominal) OTHER COMPETITOR, DURING THE LAST 10 YEARS FROM 2001 TO 2010 ( preceding(prenominal) graph showing the FMCG Food Beverage Baby Food companies percentage market share in the last 10 years from 2001to 2010) So we can see that in overall FMCG business Nestle India Ltd is distantly ahead of the rest of the companies as far as market share is concerned. MARKET SHARE IN THE YEAR 2010Meas urement of Market Structure HerfindahlHirschman great power Si is the market share of the ith firm Numbers-Equivalent of firms Reciprocal of HHI FOOD BEVERGE COMPANIES (BABY FOOD) MARKET SHARE IN 2010 (Si) Cadbury India Ltd. 0. 185753 0. 034 Cepham draw Specialities Ltd. 0 0 Continental Milkose (India) Ltd. 0. 012213 1. 491 Glaxosmithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd. 0. 188628 0. 036 Heinz India Pvt. Ltd. 0 0 Jagatjit Industries Ltd. 0. 084911 7. 209 Kaira District Co-Op. Milk Producers Union Ltd. 0. 028029 7. 856 Nestle India Ltd. 0. 75272 0. 225 Raptakos, Brett & Co. Ltd. 0. 025194 6. 347 TOTAL = 23. 198 Therefore, HHI = = 23. 198 Reciprocal of HHI = 1/23. 198 =0. 043 Priyanka please check the previous calculation, I am not getting the correct data. FMCG SALES GROWTH OF LAST 10 YEARS As per the sales figures received of the year 2001 to 2011, in the past 10 years from 2001 to 2010, after plotting the datas, we notice that the graph for Nestle is steeply rising, where as for Cadbury and Glaxo, the graph rise is appreciable, but for Jagatjit and Milkfood the graph rise is very minimal.Thus Nestle being the market leader enjoys the position of the market laeder and also the profit. FMCG SALES VOLUME GROWTH IN THE LAST 10 YEARS FROM 2001 TO 2010 (Graph showing the FMCG trend throughout the last 10 years. ) FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES India is a fast growth country with a huge population whose per capita income is growing rapidly and thither is huge opportunity for the FMCG companies. The opportunities are as follows * Increasing per capita income is driving FMCG growth in India * Indias consuming class is growing rapidly Changing consumption pattern Per capita income of Indian customer is increasing and FMCG products are relatively elastic in nature hence the expected sale should increase. PER CAPITA INCOME (Rs) (Above graph showing the trend of Per Capita Income of Indians and datas are collected from a question made by Govt. of India). ) As shown in the above graph the Per Capita Income of an Indian increases gradually throughout the years, and if this trend continues, then in future Indian Population will have more purchase power and will purchase more FMCG products. % OF PAST POPULATION RISE AND FUTURE EXPECTATION Above graph shows the past population and expected future population rise, data are collected from the research made by Govt. of India). Here by the above graphs we can see that there is huge stage setting for FMCG products and since Nestle India Ltd. is the market leader in India hence it can gain the most out of it. elevate ANALYSIS Strength 1. Low operational costs 2. Established distribution networks in both urban and rural areas. 3. Presence of well-known brands in FMCG sector. Weaknesses 1. Lower scope of investing in technology and achieving economies of scale. . Low exports levels 3. Counterfeit Products. Opportunities 1. Untapped rural market 2. Rising income levels 3. Large domestic market-. 4. Export potent ial 5. High consumer goods spending. Threats 1. Removal of import restrictions. 2. Slowdown in rural demand. 3. Tax and regulatory structure. CONCLUSION Customers in India are also spending more in FMCG as their standard of living are growing. Though there was some downfall in sales and profit, in the beginning of this decade but after that considerable rise in both sales and profit, is seen.Many FMCG companies has started intercommunicate, to directly reach the rural market. This may be considered as a revolutionary step since the urban market is reaching its saturation level and there is a huge scope exploring in the rural market. This will also be helpful not only increasing its market share but also fight competition. BIBLIOGRAPHY In order to be this project we have taken the help of the following websites & books * www. wikipedia. com * www. oppapers. com * www. scribd. com Besides it, various books were also consulted to prepare the project report.

Lessons from the Locker Room Essay

A new chapter began in my biography on the first day of ninth grade. That day, I went to my first day of newcomer footb either practice. Although I knew a little about the game, I had n of all time played football beforehand, so I was more or lesswhat apprehensive about what might happen. The coaches guided us through a serial publication of tests designed to locating us into the appropriate positions, although close to of the twats already knew where they would be playing. I did all(prenominal)thing the best I could, and was soon charge to Coach Green and the linemen. Through that year I never got to start a game, merely the things that happened two on and morose the field with the otherwise histrions made me very interested in what would come in the future. The experiences of that year set the stage for my entrance into varsity high school football, an experience which would shape oftentimes of my life.Before anyone can join the varsity football group, he must comp lete a series of tests. However, these tests are non like those at many an(prenominal) schools. Coach has a philosophy that anyone who is willing to honorarium the price should be allowed to be on the squad. Based on that philosophy, numerous criteria are presented to all the would-be(prenominal) players at the beginning of preparation for the season. When I first saw these criteria, I thought that they sounded very simple. They consisted of such(prenominal) things as getting into bed by a specified time each wickedness, eating healthy, coming to five workouts in the summer, and not missing a practice for any reason other than family emergency. minute did I know, they would, in the end, be much more costly than I originally thought.After our freshman season was over, some of the players on the squad were given the fortune to move up to the varsity squad for the playoffs. I took advantage of the opportunity, and quickly found myself in the middle of a close-knit family. At that point, I understood very little of what was happening. However, I knew for sure that I wanted to learn more. That season terminate at our rivals field in defeat on a cold night in late November. In the locker room after the game, most of us cried as we cognise what this meant for the seniors of that year and for that police squad. For the first time, I watched guys cry and hug each other as they used their recognise for each other to pull themselves through the feelings of disappointment. Coach called together those of us who would comprise the team of the interest year, andtold us to prepare for plenty of hard work in the off season.The first day can in January, I had my first official test. This test would be the benchmark by which each player would judge his progress in the off season. The test tested our speed and strength, but the workouts would test our mall and our commitment. The next day, we had our first official workout. We played out the first week with coach es giving us demonstrations on decorous technique in weight lifting. Within two weeks though, we had begun in earnest. Fridays were reserved for special workouts. I still remember my first one. It was supposed to be an upper body lifting day, and the youngest of us were rather confused when we were told to turn over the upper body room and go into the locker room. We all dreaded what might be delay for us. All we actually did through the whole thirty minute workout was what check overmed like a special K pushups, but that day began a special bonding process. Within five minutes of beginning, most of us were already extremely tired and ready to quit.I am not sure that I ever knew who was speaking, but all that I can remember was intensly painful muscle cramps and the encouragement world shouted by my teammates. At that moment when failure seemed notwithstanding one more pushup away, we began to develop a sense of responsibility to one another. All that I knew was that we had to work together if we were going to arouse a chance to be what we could be. The one voice I can remember was a teammate of mine. I remember him lying three guys over, sweating and straining as he struggled to keep his body off the ground. At the moment when I felt that I could not go on any drawn-out his eyes met mine. He quietly told me to never give up and to fight as long as I had the chance. I merely nodded to him and decided that I had to pass water it through.After several more agonising minutes, Coach told us to get in our half mile before we leave. As I jogged round the track, I thought to myself about how difficult varsity football was going to be. As the workout terminate I thought to myself, just bury me right here. I decided, however, that I would be able to make it through with the help of my teammates. We had several more special days, but whenever I would think that I could not go any longer, I would remember my teammates going through the same thing and be st rengthened. genuinely quickly, the summer was upon us. At first I thought that the summer workouts would be a carbon assume of the ones which we had during school, but I wouldsoon find I was wrong.The first thing that I noticed was that attending at summer workouts was optional. However, this proved to be more beneficial. Because people were not required to come everyday, most days only people who wanted to be there would come. There were always some guys who could be counted on to be there. These guys were the ones who eventually formed the core of our team. Friday was once again reserved as a day for a different kind of workout. The first Friday of that summer I was introduced to a superset. In a superset, Coach would decide on a series of exercises, and we would go through the circuit as many times as possible in the time available. These undoubtedly were seen as something of a competition to see who could do the most, but eventually we would all get tired and slow down. Coach noticed our fall pace and our fatigue, and he asked us why we had been slowing down. Of course he knew the answer, and he quickly asked us another question.His next question though, was much more difficult. He brought up a hypothetical agency in which we had reached the tail quarter of a game and were all very tired. Coach asked us if, when the fourth quarter came, we were going to quit and take the easy way out. Of course we all answered that we would play with everything that we had. consequently he made a very simple statement. Coach told us that if planned on being able to give things our all in a game, we had to practice fighting past the pain. According to him, to do anything less would be selling ourselves short of the potential that we had. From that time on, we gave all that we had in every opportunity we had. We fought through the summer workouts together, and gradually became more and more dependent on each other. We began to realize that we would have to put togethe r everything that we had learned and practiced all summer if we were to survive the last two weeks before school started.The last two weeks before school started is known as Camp. Camp is the last vault to be cleared before someone is an official team member. We practiced from one till niner for two weeks that year. By the end of the two weeks, we were all strained physically, mentally, and emotionally. Each night, I would come home, waste off, and slump into bed. Then, I would proceed to coat my legs in a layer of Flex-All. While there were moments when some of us likelywondered if the end of Camp would even come, it did eventually arrive. However, eventually the end of the two weeks came. I vividly remember the last night of Camp. We practiced until our regular time, but then a team meeting was called at the fifty-yard line.Coach congratulated us for making it through and told us it was time for story time. We spent the next twenty minutes running from coach to coach at differen t places on the field, and earshot to stories about something that had happened on that spot of the field. All of the stories told were based on what it means to be a vocalisation of the team. Through these stories, the coaches painted vivid portraits of past team members who had been willing to go beyond the call of transaction for the team.I do not remember the details of many of the stories very well, but I do remember the story told by another coach. He told the story of a guy from a team several years removed who had really shown what it meant to be a mustang. According to the story, the quarterback had thrown an interception when the team was already down by a touchdown in the fourth quarter. One of the quarterbacks teammates, a guy who had never really been a standout player, was not willing to let the opposing team rank as a result of the interception. He ran from the opposite side of the field and was able to tackle the guy ten yards short of the goal line. Coach claimed the player had never run as fast as he did on that night.Spurred on by the effort of their teammate, the defense made a strong stand, and the team fought back to win that game. I expected to hear a lesson about giving it all you had, but instead, Coach had something different in mind. He told us about the importance of picking up the on the loose(p) for everyone else. He reminded us that in the time we would spend together, not everyone would be perfect on every play, but that we would still be alright if we all did the best we could.This year has been a very provoke one. As a senior captain on the team, I have had a responsibility all year long to help lead the team. During the workouts, I would often find myself shouting encouragement to the junior players as they struggled. Many of the seniors have gone beyond their responsibilities for the sake of the team. But these lessons do not layover confined to the field and the locker room, for I often find them having aneffect on m e outside of the football environment. Coach has taught us that we are examples everywhere that we go.Any time there is a decision that I must make, my thoughts inevitably bring me to the question, Is this something worthy of a Mustang football player? I believe that my experiences in football were critical to me successfully overseeing a class day as junior class prexy while I was short handed. I think I would have been tempted in the past to just give up. I was so intent on not giving up and on doing everything I could possibly do for the team (in this case, the class) though that I knew I had to depend on some other people and, with their help, work everything out.

Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cold War - Essay ExampleThere was, however, too a policy in place to never give ground throughout the Cold War, essence that there were frequent proxy conflicts throughout the world in order for either country micturate an ideological advantage. These holdd proxy conflicts in Afghanistan, Vietnam, Korea as the best known examples. The United States also meshed in huge industrial efforts, to force the Soviet Union to match them things like the Space computer programme and the Interstate highway system. These proxy conflicts, however, also caused m whatever problems for the United States. Arming the Mujahedeen in Afghanistan, for instance, direct to those same arms later being used against America, while the proxy conflicts in Vietnam significantly lessen Americas attachment to fighting wars and reduced national moral. Furthermore, America supported essentially any regime that would aid in the fight against Communism, regardless of the consequences. This included the rather di ctatorial Shah of Iran, who was then overthrown by a revolution that included a huge amount of Anti-American sentiment. To this day America has to cut across with a dangerous and Anti-American regime because of its habit of supporting dictators who had political moods that aligned with what the United States precious during the Cold War. These are two types of blowback one in which the US government faced global pressure because of its international intervention, and one in which its own populace raised against it in attempts to change the line of achievement of outside intervention. The latter kind set rise to all sorts of things, including the Kent State riots, while also large-minded further impetus to the civil rights movements. The Cold War was the defining conflict that shaped America throughout the 20th century. It had an impact on every part of American life, from people who went off to wars to everyday American who lived under the threat of the bomb. Though it has des troyed, its shadow on American politics lingers to the present day. 1. US foreign policy in the interwar years was dominated by two principles the Monroe doctrine, which indicated that the United States had a sphere of find over the Americas that no other country could influence, and a significant policy of isolationism on the international stage. This was non complete isolationism, as the United States thus far had significant trading partners, but military isolationism was relatively extreme. Examples of this isolationism include Americas failure to join the League of Nations, which doomed the enterprise from the start. It was understandable that the United States cherished to be so isolationist, considering the history of European squabbles that could so easily engulf the young country if it were to pass involved. 2. The Civil Rights movement was a movement, led by Black people from the South of the United States, to end oppression based on race and to gain basic liberties e njoyed by people of other races. Its grow can be traced back to the civil war, after which it was officially illegal to bar people from take on the basis of race. Many Southern States, however, put together a series of laws and acts of intimidation that still prevented blacks from enjoying equal rights and protections. Lynching still occurred, it was still illegal for a black person and a sportsmanlike

Should the Law Continue to Threat Married Couples Differently from Essay

Should the Law Continue to Threat Married Couples otherwise from Unmarried Cohabitants in Property Disputes - Essay ExampleInstead, post-separation spot disputes between undivided cohabitants are resolve by reference to the law of trusts (George, 2008). The decision of the House of Lords in Stack v Dowden addressed superstar issue arising between unmarried cohabitants in a post-separation property dispute the correct division of the honorable interests in the absence of an express declaration of trust in a title deed where both(prenominal) cohabitants hold the legal title (Stack v Dowden, 2007). However, Stack v Dowden does raise some issues about the arrogate principles that should be applied to property disputes in the family contexts regardless of whether the family is comprised of a conventional married couple or not, however, those issues remain unresolved (Gardiner & Davidson, 2011). The direct issue is determining the interpretation of imputing or inferring the partie s leafy vegetable intention, which remains the primary method of resolving property disputes between unmarried cohabitants (Gardiner & Davidson, 2011). This paper considers whether or not it is realistic, given the favorable realities of the modern family to treat post-separation property disputes between married couples and between unmarried cohabitants differently. This paper is divided into both parts. ... on Property Division Between Unmarried Cohabitants There is no statutory authority for the courts to mend how to settle property or property rights relative to unmarried cohabitees who having cohabited for a significant period of time, pay come to the decision to separate. Unmarried cohabitees therefore have limited options. They may attack to have their property disputes resolved by engaging in civil suits if a contract of some sort exists (Deech, 2010). Alternatively, unmarried cohabitants may have the issues resolved by reference to the principles of equity and trusts (Singer, 2009). Under the current state of the applicable principles of equity and trust relative to unmarried cohabitants, the common intention of the parties is the primary method by which the courts attempt to imply a constructive trust in a fair division of the property (Dyson, 2008). The common intention of the parties was first referred to in the case of Lloyds Bank Plc v Rosset (1991). Essentially, the courts will seek to witness whether or not there was a common intention on the part of the parties to divide the property a specific way despite the descriptions rendered by the legal title and the declaration of beneficial interests. The result is the pain of a constructive trust. Thus a constructive trust imposed by evidence of a common intention is intended to avoid unconscionable consequences in circumstances where the title deeds do not reflect the realities of the acquisition and holding of the property (Pawlowski, 2006). Unfairness arises because, the principle of commo n intention seeks to determine matters of trust involved in relationships and has evolved as decidedly unclear and unpredictable, making it difficult for unmarried cohabitants to hunch and assert their property