Explain the main features of the theory of Utilitarianism Essay

The theory of Utilitarianism takes its name from the Latin word Utilis, meaning useful. It was first developed by Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher and legal theorist of the 18th century. Bentham want to produce a modern and rational glide slope to morality which would suit the changing society of the industrial age. This was also the era of the French and American Revolutions, and of the Enlightenment, so orthodox morality was challenged on galore(postnominal) fronts.Utilitarianism may be regarded as a relativist, consequentialist and teleological system of ethics, prescribing no fixed moral rules and judging an save by its consequences or end result (Greek telos). Bentham argued that one should maximise happiness for the majority (the greatest good for the greatest number Francis Hutcheson), a view which is know as the Utility Principle. Happiness was thus equated with moral goodness. This idea further identifies Bentham as a psychological hedonist, since he regarded humans as bein g primarily motivated by pleasure and the avoidance of pain.A contented society would be a good society. To bring reason and yard to the field of ethics, Bentham then put forward what he regarded as a scientific or empirical process for making moral decisions, known as the hedonic calculus. This consisted of seven key criteria one must consider when making a moral choice Intensity Duration Certainty nearness or remoteness (how close at hand pleasure falls) Fecundity (how likely pleasure is to be followed by more pleasure) Purity Extent (how many people it affects).Later in the 19th century, Benthams God son John Stuart mill around modified his theory. Mill was a leading politician and philosopher of his day, advocating composition and liberal causes such as the equality of women. He regarded Utilitarianism as an important further flawed approaching to ethics. While Bentham had regarded all pleasures as commensurate (they argon all equal or equivalent), Mill distinguished amon g higher and lower pleasures. Higher pleasures would be those which engaged the mind (e. g. music or poetry), but lower pleasures would be those which engaged merely the body (e. g.eating, sex).Mill developed the idea of competent judges those who had experienced the full range of pleasures could discriminate between what is higher and lower. A good society would be refined and constructive in its pleasures, and so Mill avoided the charge that Utilitarianism is a system of base gratification. other key distinction between Bentham and Mill lies in the difference between passage and Rule theories of Utilitarianism. Bentham proposed an Act Utilitarian approach, meaning that he treated each(prenominal) individual action separately, without any rules to guide the individual.Mill meanwhile proposed that one should strain rules based upon the consequences which tend to follow from certain actions (e. g. stealing tends to cause pain, so we should have a rule against stealing). So, despi te advocating the same underlying idea (the promotion of happiness), we can see that Mill and Bentham arrived at two very polar approaches to morality, with Mill avoiding some of the more radical and controversial ideas put forward by Bentham. Evaluate the main strengths and weaknesses of the theory The strengths and weaknesses of Utilitarianism vary between different versions of the theory.The advantages of Act Utilitarianism are non the same as those of Rule Mills outlook was very different from that of Bentham. Overall, however, the strengths of both forms are outweighed by their weaknesses. They are not convincing as ethical systems, and some other approach to ethics is required. An advantage of Benthams Act Utilitarianism is that it considers the consequences and happiness which result from actions this seems a sensible approach to ethics which would find much support today. The theory is also flexible and easy to apply it does not prescribe many hard rules and provides a si mple(a) method for decision making.The theory also enables tough decision making through its relativism (i. e. it would allow us to sacrifice individuals if it is of great benefit to society). The problem with Benthams theory however is that it is truly relativistic, so any conceivable action could be allowed (killing for the sake of pleasure, or ideology). It also enables the suffering of the innocent under a majority, despite obvious injustice. It further allows cruel or sadistic pleasure, since Bentham regarded all pleasure as commensurate (equal), a point noted by the philosopher Bernard Williams.Mills theory offers many advantages which get around the problems of Benthams Act Utilitarianism. By distinguishing between the quality of pleasures, Mill rules out the possibility of sadism or deplorable pleasure (e. g. prison guards enjoying torturing an innocent victim). Also, by offering Rule Utilitarianism, Mill is stating that certain actions are explicitly prohibited because the y tend to promote pain. So, he would not allow torture, no matter how much it was enjoyed. However, Mills theory lacks the flexibility of Benthams, which means that sensible rule breaking is no extended possible (an objection pointed out by R. M. Hare).One could not tell white lies, even to protect others. There is a further weakness in Mills idea of different qualities of pleasure how can we judge what makes pleasure higher or lower? Surely this is a subjective matter, as taste varies from person to person. It might also be argued that the concept of a competent judge is vague, since it is not clear whether we can really identify such people in todays society. Overall, the theories put forward by Bentham and Mill fail to provide a convincing or useful approach to ethics. On the one hand, Benthams views are strikingly relativistic, allowing any pleasure (even sadism).On the other hand, Mills Rule system lacks the flexibility to make sensible choices in difficult situations. It may be that some other and more modern version of the theory can overcome these problems, such as Welfare Utilitarianism (as supported by Peter Singer) or Two Rule Utilitarianism (as suggested by R. M. Hare). We could strike a balance between favouring firm moral principles and give attention to significant consequences or the all-round wellbeing of society. Such a compromise offers a more promising approach to ethics than the classical forms of Utilitarianism.